“Imihlahlandlela Yekhwalithi Yomoya Yomhlaba Wonke”

Ngomhla zingama-22 kuSepthemba 2021, iNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (i-WHO) yakhipha “Imihlahlandlela Yekhwalithi Yomoya Yomhlaba Wonke” (Global Air Quality Guidelines), okungokokuqala ngqa kusukela ngo-2005 ukuqinisa imihlahlandlela yayo yekhwalithi yomoya, ngethemba lokukhuthaza amazwe ukuthi ashintshele ekuhlanzeni. amandla. Vimbela ukufa nezifo ezibangelwa ukungcoliswa komoya.

Ngokwalo mbiko, ukungcola okuhloswe ngayo yilezi ziqondiso ezintsha kuhlanganisa izinhlayiya ze-particle ne-nitrogen dioxide, kokubili okutholakala ekungcolisweni kukaphethiloli futhi kungase kusindise “izigidi zabantu.”

Ngokwezilinganiso ze-World Health Organization, ukungcoliswa komoya kubangela okungenani ukufa kwabantu ngaphambi kwesikhathi abayizigidi ezingu-7 unyaka ngamunye. Umqondisi-Jikelele we-WHO, uTan Desai, wathi esithangamini sabezindaba ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngisho noma amazinga okungcoliswa komoya ephansi, “ukungcoliswa komoya kuyothinta zonke izingxenye zomzimba, kusukela ebuchosheni kuya kumntwana osakhula esibelethweni sikanina.”

I-World Health Organization inethemba lokuthi lezi zichibiyelo zizokhuthaza amazwe angamalungu angu-194 ukuba athathe isinyathelo sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kukaphethiloli, nakho okungenye yezimbangela zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Embulungeni yonke, amazwe angaphansi kwengcindezi yokuzibophezela ezinhlelweni zokunciphisa ukungcola ngaphambi kweNgqungquthela Yesimo Sezulu ye-UN eGlasgow, eScotland, ngoNovemba.

Ososayensi bayazamukela lezi ziqondiso ezintsha, kodwa bakhathazekile ngokuthi, njengoba amazwe amaningi emhlabeni ehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezindala, ezingaqinile kangako, amanye amazwe azohlangabezana nobunzima ekuzisebenziseni.

Ngokwemininingwane ye-WHO, ngo-2019, ama-90% abantu emhlabeni aphefumula umoya owathathwa njengongenampilo yiziqondiso zika-2005. Amanye amazwe, njenge-India, asenamazinga kazwelonke axegayo kunesiphakamiso sika-2005.

Izindinganiso ze-EU ziphakeme kakhulu kunezincomo zangaphambilini ze-WHO. Amanye amazwe ahlulekile ukugcina amazinga awo okunukubezeka aphakathi konyaka angaphakathi kwemikhawulo esemthethweni ngo-2020, ngaphandle kokuvalwa kwezimboni nezokuthutha ngenxa yobhubhane olusha lomqhele.

Ochwepheshe bathi imizamo yokulawula ukungcola ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi izoletha izinzuzo eziphindwe kabili, kokubili ukuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathi kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola okubangela ukufudumala kwesimo sezulu.

"Bobabili bahlobene kakhulu." kusho uKurt Streff, owayengusosayensi e-International Agency for Research on Cancer ye-World Health Organization (WHO) kanye noprofesa ovakashile nomqondisi we-Boston College Global Pollution Observation Center, “nakuba ukuqaliswa kuyinselele enkulu. Ucansi, kodwa leli futhi kuyithuba elitholakala kanye empilweni yonke inqubo yokululama ngemuva kobhubhane olusha lomqhele. ”

Imihlahlandlela emisha inciphisa izinga le-World Health Organization le-PM2.5. I-PM2.5 isho izinhlayiya ezincane kuno-2.5 ​​microns, okungaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa-ntathu ububanzi bezinwele zomuntu. Incane ngokwanele ukuthi ingangena ijule emaphashini futhi ingene ngisho nasemithanjeni yegazi. Ngokomkhawulo omusha, ukugxila okumaphakathi konyaka kwe-PM2.5 akufanele kube ngaphezu kwama-micrograms/m3.

Isiphakamiso esidala silinganisele isilinganiso esiphezulu sonyaka sibe ngu-10. Kodwa ososayensi banqume ukuthi ukuchayeka isikhathi eside endaweni yokuhlushwa ephansi kangako kusengadala isifo senhliziyo, unhlangothi kanye neminye imiphumela emibi yezempilo.

Labo abathinteka kakhulu yilabo abahlala emazweni anemali ephansi naphakathi nendawo athembele ekushisweni kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi.
UJonathan Grieg, udokotela wezingane nomcwaningi eQueen Mary University yaseLondon, wathi: “Ubufakazi busobala bokuthi abantu abampofu nabantu abasezingeni eliphansi emphakathini bayothola imisebe eyengeziwe ngenxa yendawo abahlala kuyo.” Uthe jikelele. Kafushane, lezi zinhlangano zikhipha ukungcola okuncane, kodwa zibhekana nemiphumela eminingi.

Uthe ukuhambisana neziqondiso ezintsha akukwazi nje ukuthuthukisa impilo yonke, kodwa futhi kunciphise ukungalingani kwezempilo.

Lapho imemezela lezi ziqondiso ezintsha, i-WHO yathi “uma izinga lamanje lokungcoliswa komoya lincipha, cishe amaphesenti angama-80 abantu abafayo emhlabeni okuhlobene ne-PM2.5 angagwenywa.”
Engxenyeni yokuqala yalo nyaka, isilinganiso sezinga le-PM2.5 e-China sasingama-micrograms angu-34 i-cubic meter ngayinye, kanti isibalo saseBeijing sasingama-41, ngokufanayo nangonyaka odlule.

U-Aidan Farrow, usosayensi wamazwe ngamazwe ngokungcoliswa komoya eGreenpeace University of Exeter e-UK, uthe: “Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uhulumeni uyayisebenzisa yini imigomo enethonya ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola okungcolisayo, njengokumisa amalahle, uwoyela negesi yemvelo. Ukutshala imali, futhi sibeke phambili uguquko lwamandla ahlanzekile. "